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  Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) — CT Brain (Non-contrast) Key radiological features (concise): 1. Hyperdense Intraparenchymal Lesion Acute blood = hyperdense (bright) (≈60–80 HU) Common sites: basal ganglia (putamen), thalamus, lobar, cerebellum, brainstem 2. Surrounding Edema Hypodense rim around hematoma (perihematomal edema) Develops within hours → increases over days 3. Mass Effect Effacement of sulci, ventricles Midline shift (quantify if needed) Compression of adjacent structures 4. Intraventricular Extension Hyperdense blood in ventricles May show fluid–fluid level / layering Risk of acute hydrocephalus 5. Shape & Margins Typically irregular or round/oval May have heterogeneous density (active bleed, clot retraction) “Swirl sign” → hypodense areas within clot (ongoing bleeding) 6. Location Clues (Etiology hint) Deep (putamen/thalamus) → hypertensive Lobar → amyloid angiopathy, tumor, AVM Multiple → metastasis, coagulopathy 7. Evolution (brief) Hyperacute (0–6 h):...

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) — CT Brain (Non-contrast) Core radiological features (concise): 1) Hyperdensity in subarachnoid spaces Acute blood appears  hyperdense (bright) Typical locations: Basal cisterns  (suprasellar, interpeduncular, ambient) Sylvian fissures Interhemispheric fissure Cortical sulci 2) “Star sign” (basal cistern pattern) Star-shaped hyperdensity in  basal cisterns around Circle of Willis Classic for  aneurysmal SAH 3) Sulcal effacement with hyperdense sulci Blood outlines sulci →  prominent hyperdense cortical sulci May coexist with  early cerebral edema → sulcal effacement 4) Intraventricular extension (common) Hyperdensity within ventricles (especially  occipital horns ) May show  fluid–fluid levels 5) Hydrocephalus Acute obstructive or communicating hydrocephalus Findings: Ventricular dilatation Periventricular lucency (transependymal CSF seepage) 6) Loss of gray–white differentiation (severe cases) Due to  global cer...

  Subdural Hematoma (SDH) — CT Brain (Non-contrast) Key Features Typical Appearance 1. Shape & Location Crescent-shaped (concavo-convex)  extra-axial collection Lies  between dura and arachnoid Crosses sutures , but  does NOT cross midline  (limited by falx/tentorium) 2. Density (depends on age) Acute (0–3 days):  Hyperdense (bright) Subacute (3–21 days):  Isodense → may be subtle (“ CT occult ”) Chronic (>3 weeks):  Hypodense (dark) Mixed density:  Rebleed → fluid-fluid levels / layering 3. Mass Effect Sulcal effacement Midline shift Compression of ventricles Possible  subfalcine / transtentorial herniation 4. Internal Characteristics Homogeneous  (acute) or  heterogeneous  (chronic/rebleed) May show  septations/membranes  (chronic SDH) 5. Associated Findings Underlying cerebral edema Cortical contusions Skull fracture less common  than in EDH High-yield Differentiation (SDH vs EDH) SDH:  Cresce...

Normal CT Brain (Non-contrast) — Key Radiological Features (Concise)   1. Symmetry Bilateral cerebral hemispheres symmetrical No midline shift Falx cerebri in midline 2. Grey–White Matter Differentiation Clear distinction: Grey matter (cortex, basal ganglia) → slightly hyperdense White matter → slightly hypodense Preserved corticomedullary junction 3. Ventricular System Lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles: Normal size and configuration Symmetrical No dilatation or compression 4. Cisterns & Sulci Basal cisterns ( suprasellar, ambient, quadrigeminal ) → open and well-defined Cortical sulci: Normal for age No effacement (→ edema) or prominence (→ atrophy) 5. Basal Ganglia & Thalami Normal density and symmetry No focal hypo/hyperdense lesions 6. Brainstem & Cerebellum Normal size, contour, and density No focal lesion or compression 7. No Abnormal Densities No: Hyperdensity → hemorrhage Hypodensity → infarct/edema No calcification (except physiological: pineal, choroid plexus) 8....

Epidural Hematoma (EDH) — CT Brain (Non-contrast) Core CT Features (Acute EDH) Shape: Biconvex / lentiform (lens-shaped) Density: Homogeneous hyperdense (acute blood) Location: Extra-axial, between skull and dura Suture relation: Does NOT cross sutures (tight dural attachment) (may cross dural reflections rarely if large) Midline shift / mass effect: Common → sulcal effacement, ventricular compression Underlying skull fracture: Frequently present (esp. temporal bone) Additional Signs “Swirl sign” → hypodense areas within hematoma (active bleeding) Lucid interval correlation (clinical, not CT but supportive) Effacement of cisterns if severe Evolution Acute (0–3 days): Hyperdense Subacute: Isodense → may be missed without contrast Chronic (rare for EDH): Hypodense Key Differentiation (vs SDH) EDH → Biconvex, limited by sutures SDH → Crescentic, crosses sutures but not midline (falx limit) Rapid Mnemonic “EDH = Egg-shaped, Does NOT cross sutures, High density”

  Spine Fracture — Knowledge Stratification 🔹 Intern Level Core Concepts Definition: Disruption of vertebral body ± posterior elements due to trauma Common causes: RTA (most common) Fall from height Osteoporotic collapse (elderly) Basic Classification (Recognition level) Compression fracture Burst fracture Fracture-dislocation (unstable) Clinical Red Flags Back pain + trauma Neurological deficit (weakness, numbness) Bladder/bowel involvement → emergency Initial Management (ATLS mindset) Immobilize spine (cervical collar, log roll) ABC stabilization Avoid unnecessary movement Basic Imaging X-ray: screening CT: confirm fracture MRI: neurological deficit / ligament injury 🔹 MBBS Doctor Level Detailed Classification Awareness Stable vs unstable fracture Denis 3-column theory : Anterior column Middle column Posterior column Instability if ≥2 columns involved Common Injury Patterns Compression → anterior column Burst → anterior + middle (retropulsion risk) Chance fracture → flexion-dis...

“Gynae & Obs SBA Questions” Gynae & Obs SBA Questions contain single best answer or MCQ question for MRCS, FCPS part-1 examination. This app is based on the SBA (Single best answer) question of Gynae & Obs of FCPS part-1 examination held in Bangladesh (two times in every year) and Pakistan. It also helpful for MRCS exam, USMLE exam, Residency exam in all over the world especially India.   Every year thousands of students take part in this exam but they do not have enough confidence to answer this SBA, as SBA question is rarely available to practice.